Background and Aim: Facial growth pattern is one of the important factors in orthodontic treatment planning. The aim of this study was to compare the inclination of the posterior teeth in subjects with a normal and Vertical growth pattern.Materials & Methods: Fifty 16 to 20 year old individuals having no history of orthodontic treatment, dental extraction, spacing and crowding in posterior teeth were selected for this case - control study. These individuals were divided into two groups of Vertical and normal growth patterns based on SN-MP and jarabak Index. Study casts provided for these patients were trimmed from anterior to the second premolar and from posterior to the first molar.Lateral surfaces of casts were trimmed perpendicular to the occlusal surface tangential to the most prominent cusps of these 4 or at least 3 (two molars and one premolar) teeth. The angle between lateral surface of the cast and the occlusal surface of each tooth was considered as axial inclination. The results were statistically analyzed using Mann Whitney U and t tests.Results: The mean age of the studied group was 18.3±1.6 The mean axial inclination of maxillary first permanent molar with normal growth pattern was 27.5±16.8 (right side) and 26.2±14.7 (left side). The amount of this variable with Vertical growth pattern was 23.4±11.9 (right side) and 24.8±14.7 (left side). The mean axial inclination of mandibular first permanent molar with normal growth pattern was 27.24±15.2 (right side) and 27.44±14.8 (left side) and with Vertical growth pattern was 23.8±13.9 (right side) and 23.5±14.3 (left side).Conclusion: Buccolingual inclination of the teeth has no effect on orthodontic treatment planning.

Background and Aim: The most esthetic smile is when the entire length of the crown of the tooth and 2 mm of the gums are visable. Most of it is not aesthetically pleasing and is called gummy smile or gingival smile. Upper lip length is one of the factors influencing the gummy smile. The aim of the present study was to investigate the upper lip length in patients with Vertical growth pattern, with and without gummy smile and related factors. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 180 patients referred to the dental clinic of Tehran Dental Branch of Islamic Azad University. Patients were randomly divided into three groups Vertical growth pattern (VGP), Average growth pattern (AGP) and gummy smile. The length of the upper lip in all three groups was measured and compared by the caliper. T test, ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to compare the data. Results: In both sexes (men and women), the mean upper lip length was significantly higher in patients with Vertical growth pattern without gummy smile than patients with normal growth pattern (P<0. 001) and in patients with Vertical growth pattern with gummy smile (P<0. 001). In people with a normal growth pattern (P<0. 001) and in people with a Vertical growth pattern with gummy smile (P = 0. 004), the mean length of the upper lip in men was significantly higher than in women. However, in people with a normal growth pattern without gummy smile, the mean length of the upper lip in men was not significantly different from that in women (P = 0. 139). Conclusion: Gender Vertical growth pattern, and gender interaction with Vertical growth pattern affect the upper lip length. The pattern of Vertical growth affects the parameters of the smile in people with gummy smile.

Background and Aim: Considering the prevalence of skeletal open bite and existing controversies around the relation between pharyngeal dimensions and dentofacial as well as craniofacial structures, the aim of this study was to investigate the pharyngeal dimensions in CLII division I subjects with and without skeletal open bite malocclusion.Materials and Methods: This case control, double blind study was based on paraclinical data obtained through close analysis of files, cepholograms and study models. A total of 40 subjects, including 19 male and 21 females (mean age: 65.14±1.53 yrs) were selected based on the maxillary-mandibular plan angle, SN-Mandibular plan angle, Y-Axis and Tarabak Index. The study group was divided into two groups. The case group included 20 subjects with skeletal open bite and the control group consisted of 20 subjects without skeletal open bite. The pharyngeal dimensions including nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and Hypopharyngel, depths were measured. The length of the airway and the distance between the hyoid bone and the mandibular plane were also recorded. Data was analyzed by T-test.Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of Nasopharyngeal, Oropharyngeal and Hypopharyngeal dimensions. Significant statistical difference was found between the length of the airway in the case group (62.4±3.78) and the control group (15.75±3.76) (p<0.03). There was also statistically significant difference between the distance of Hyoid bone to mandibular plane in the case group (15.75±3.76) and the control group (12.1±3.64) (p<0.003). There was an increase in both variables in the case group.Conclusion: The Nosopharyngeal, Oropharyngeal and Hypopharyngeal depths are not associated with skeletal open bite The length of the airway and the Hyoidbone- Mandibular plane distance could affect the growth pattern. Pharyngeal dimensions or respiration patterns have no effect on the growth pattern.

Background & Aims: One of the most important issues in training, diagnosis, and treatment in orthodontics is a thorough understanding of patient’s growth pattern. Imbalances in this pattern can cause malocclusion which is one of the most important causes of referring patients for treatment. At the first step, dentist’s responsibility is the diagnosis and monitoring of the growth pattern in aberrant cases. The aim of this study was to find panoramic indices in the diagnosis of facial Vertical growth pattern and comparing them with standard lateral cephalometric radiographs.Materials & Methods: Current research is a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was carried out on 30 patient’s pretreatment lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs. Gonial, FMA, Basal, Schudy and Or Go Me angles were used to measure both radiographs. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and independent t-test were used for data analysis.Results: Results showed that the value of all variables on panoramic radiographs was smaller than their counterparts on lateral cephalograms. Gonial angles had the highest correlation coefficient (r=0.89, p<0.001) when comparing the two methods. And Or Go Me angle had the lowest (r=0.41, p<0.05).Conclusion: Gonial angles can be detected on panoramic views along with lateral cephalograms with high accuracy that can show facial Vertical growth pattern to some extent; however, for accurate diagnosis cephalometric analysis is also needed.

The present work is proposed a numerical parametric study of heat and mass transfer in a rotating Vertical cylinder during the solidification of a binary metallic alloy. The aim of this paper is to present an enthalpy formulation based on the fixed grid methodology for the numerical solution of convective-diffusion during the phase change in the case of the steady crucible rotation. The extended Darcy model including the time derivative and Coriolis terms was applied as momentum equation. It was found that the buoyancy driven flow and solute distribution can be affected significantly by the rotating cylinder. The problem is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the conservation laws of energy and solute. The resulting system was discretized by the control volume method and solved by the SIMPLER algorithm proposed by Patankar. A computer code was developed and validated by comparison with previous studies. It can be observed that the forced convection introduced by rotation, dramatically changes the flow and solute distribution at the interface (liquid-mushy zone). The effect of Reynolds number on the Nusselt number, flow and solute distribution is presented and discussed.

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

Background and Objective: Cosmetic facial surgery and soft tissue are among the main reasons for orthodontic treatment and referral to dentistry. This study aimed to conduct a cephalometric evaluation of facial soft tissue thickness in patients candidates for orthodontic treatment in terms of age and gender referring to School of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the cephalometric radiography of 200 patients (100 males and 100 females) with skeletal class I (ANB 1-4) and Vertical growth patterns. The patients were then divided into four age groups of 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 years with an equal number of males and females. Following that, the soft tissues in the glabella frontal, nose, subnasal, upper lip, lower lip, and chin were measured. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) through the t-test and ANOVA. Results: In general, the soft tissue thickness of the nose increased with age. Regarding gender (regardless of age), the males had thicker upper and lower lips, as well as subnasal, compared to females. Considering the simultaneous assessment of age and gender, the males had thicker soft tissue in the lower and upper lips, as well as subnasal areas. Conclusion: With an increase in age, only the soft tissue of the nose increased significantly. Moreover, in the same age groups, the males had thicker lower and upper lips.

Statement of Problem: Total removal of tissues and remnant microorganisms as well as canal shaping is the essential objectives of endodontic therapy. A successful endodontic treatment is obtained through Shilders principals, however; complete observation of this technique using stainless steel files manually is problematic and time-consuming. Modern technology, in order to eliminate such problems, has presented new facilities such as Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) files and engine driven instruments.Purpose: The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the canal debridement efficiency of three engine driven instruments: Rotary, Reciprocal and Vertical.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 mesial roots of human first and second mandibular molars were divided into three groups randomly. In each sample, one canal was considered as case, the other one as control. Files used in Reciprocal and Vertical groups were of handy Ni-Ti type and in rotary group, rotary Ni-Ti files were used. After debridement, the roots were sectioned at 3mm and 5mm from anatomic apex, stained and examined under light microscope. Comparison criteria between case and control groups were based on residual debris and predentin and the level of root canal preparation and shaping after debridement. Data were subjected to kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test.Results: There was no significant difference between the efficiency of debridement at 3mm and 5mm sections between all groups. But difference in time consumption was significant ranked from the shortest to the longest as rotary, reciprocal and Vertical.Conclusion: The efficiency of debridement between the three automated instruments was approximately equal, however; the instrumentation time was different between three groups. Rotary system was the fastest one, as compared with reciprocal (second) and Vertical (last). It may be concluded that rotary system has a superiority over the other two groups in conventional root canal therapies.